1. Psychology: Meaning of
Psychology
2. Schools of Psychology:
Behaviourism, Constructivism and Humanism
3. Methods of studying
Psychology: Observation, Case
study, Clinical and Experimental method
4. Development: Concept
and dimensions of
Development: Physical,
Intellectual,
Emotional, Social, Language and
Moral dimensions
5.Theories of Development:
A)Intellectual development – Bruner;
B)Psychosocial development- Erikson;
C)Moral Development-Kolhberg
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1.
Psychology: Meaning of Psychology
1. Introduction
2. Meaning and Definitions
of Psychology
3.
Scope of Psychology
4.Methods of
Psychology
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1. Introduction:
v Psychology is
the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
v Psychology is
a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as
human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and
cognitive processes.
v Psychology
is really a very new science, with most advances happening over the past 150
years or so.
v However,
its origins can be traced back to ancient Greece, 400 – 500 years BC.
v The
emphasis was a philosophical one, with great thinkers such as Socrates
influencing Plato, who in turn influenced Aristotle. Philosophers used to
discuss many topics now studied by modern psychology, such as Memory,
Attraction etc.
2. Meaning and Definitions of Psychology
v Psychology
is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. Behaviour includes
all of our outward or overt actions and reactions, such as verbal and facial
expressions and movements. Mental processes refer to all the internal and covert
activity of our mind such as thinking, feeling and remembering. It is a
scientific study because to study behaviour and mental processes, the
psychologists use the scientific methods for understanding more precisely and
accurately.
v The
word Psychology has its origin from two Greek words ‘Psyche’ and ‘Logos’,
‘psyche’ means ‘soul’ and ‘logos’ means ‘study’.
v Thus
literally, Psychology means ‘the study of soul’
or ‘science
of the soul’.
v 1.
The first definition of Psychology was the
study of the soul:
v The
earliest attempts at defining Psychology owe their origin to the most
mysterious and philosophical concept, namely that of soul.
ü What
is soul?
ü How
can it be studied?
v The
inability to find clear answers to such questions led some ancient Greek philosophers
to define psychology as the study of the mind.
v 2.
In terms of the study of the mind:
v Although
the word mind was less mysterious and vague than the soul, yet it also
faced the same questions, namely what is mind? How can it be studied, etc? This
definition was also rejected.
v 3.
In terms of the study of consciousness:
v The
description and explanation of the states of consciousness is the task of
Psychology which is usually done by the instrument introspection(the process of
looking within).
v This the definition was also rejected on the grounds that:
§ (i)
It could not include the study of the consciousness of animals.
§ (ii)
It would not include subconscious and unconscious activities of the mind.
§ (iii)
The introspection method for the study proved that it is most subjective
and unscientific method.
v 4.
In terms of the study of behaviour:
v The
most modern and widely accepted definition of psychology even
today, is the study of behaviour, both humans and animals.
v Psychology:
·
1. Soul
·
Rejected
·
2.Mind
·
Rejected
·
3. Consciousness
·
Rejected
·
4.Behaviour
·
Accepted
v 5.
William McDougall: In his book An
Outline of Psychology, “Psychology
is a science which aims to give us better understanding and control of the
behaviour of the organism as a whole”.
v 6.
JB Watson: Psychology is “the science of behaviour” (taking into
account the human as well as animal behaviour).
v According
to Watson, the definition of psychology should be ‘the science of behaviour’.
Behaviour is to be described objectively in terms of stimulus
and response. Given the stimulus, we can predict the response.
v 7.
NL Munn: “Psychology is the science and the properly
trained psychologist is a scientist or at least a practitioner who uses
scientific methods and information resulting from scientific investigations”.
v 3.Scope
of Psychology
v 1.
Physiological Psychology
v 2.
Developmental Psychology
v 3.
Personality Psychology
v 4.
Health Psychology
v 5.
Clinical Psychology
v 6. Counselling Psychology
v 7.
Educational Psychology
v 8.
Social Psychology
v 9.
Industrial and Organizational Psychology
v 10.
Experimental Psychology
v 11.
Environmental Psychology
v 12.
Psychology of Women
v 13.
Sports and Exercise Psychology
v 14.
Cognitive Psychology etc
v 4. Methods of
Psychology
Some of the important methods are:
v 1.Introspection
method
v 2.
Observation method
v 3.
Experimental method
v 4.
Case study method
v 5.
Questionnaire method
v 6.
Interview method
v 7.
Survey method etc
===================================================
Dr.MURATHOTI RAJENDRA NATH BABU,
M.A(Soc),M.A(Eng), M.Sc(Maths), M.Sc(Psy), M.Ed, M.Phil,P.hD, UGC- NET&JRF&SRF(Edu),
Assistant Professor, Department of Teacher Education,
Nagaland University(A Central University),
Kohima Campus,Meriema,Nagaland, INDIA-797 004,
Contact No:09440858111, 09402207563,
